Study Guide : Roaring 20's
A. Mitchell Palmer
He was and attorney General who gathered up many suspects who were thought to be "un-American and socialistic" Palmer helped to increase the Red Scare and he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home. He then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."
John T. Scopes
Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee and his trial was watched all over the country. This trial symbolized the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernalist. In the outcome Scopes was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad.
Clarence Darrow
A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish and idiotic when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
Andrew Mellon
A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
Frederick W. Taylor
Taylor was an engineer, inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.
Margaret Sanger
Sanger organized a birth-control movement which openly gave right to the use of contraceptives in the 1920's.
H. L. Mencken
H.L. Mencken was a patron to many young writers in the 1920's. He criticized many classes like the middle class, democracy, marriage, and patriotism in his monthly American Mercury
F. Scott Fitzgerald
He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which emplored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society.
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. .
Sinclair Lewis
Lewis was the chief chronicler of Midwestern life. He was a master of satire.
Buying on Margin
This kind of buying stocks was usually only used by poor and middle class people. They would buy the stock, but only pay for part of it and borrow money from the stockbrokers to pay the rest. Then when they sold the stock for a higher price, they would pay the broker off and keep the rest of the profit. This practice led to the great depression, because the banks couldn't get their money back when the stock market crashed.
Red Scare
The Red Scare boomed in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US and several Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were xenophobic. This was the most controversial case ever.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the US in 1910.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.
Volstead Act
The Volstead Act instrumented the 18th Amendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%.
Fundamentalism
A movement that pushed that the teachings of Darwin were destroying faith in God and the Bible. It consisted of the old-time religionists who didn't want to conform to modern science.
Modernists
They believed that God was a "good guy" and the universe was a pretty chummy place. These were the people who believed in God but were also able to except evolution and modern science
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
- Although violating the right of hapeous corpus, after the first red scare the United Stats government, mostly the Secretary of State A. Mitchell Palmer, rounded up and arrested many citizens with little or no evidence. Propaganda journalism was also created to denounce communism and all of its works. The two anarchist Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were eventually captured, tried, and convicted of murder and were eventually executed. This was a very controversial case.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
- In 1915, William Simmons founded the twentieth-century version of the KKK after viewing the film, "Birth of a Nation," which glorified the history of the Klan. The new Klan was not only anti black, but anti Jewish, anti foreign, and anti-Catholic. The Klan actually became a respected part of the Democratic Party and reached its highest point of political power in the 1920s, when membership may have been as high as 4.5 million.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
- Makers of America: The Poles
The Immigration Law of 1924 was also passed due to the Red Scare. It deducted the amount of immigration to America by an extra 5%, making it an overall reduction of 7%.
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Factors that led poles to America were economic hardship, political catastrophe, and collapsed labor unions in Poland served as the driving forces of Polish immigration to the United States.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
Because all of the countries surrounding the US were still selling it, so organized crime benefited heavily from it since it gave them a product that's easy to obtain, and it was in huge demand. The worst people to be against is the mob, since they would bribe half the police force, politicians, judges, and city officials.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
*Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
- Gangsterism was typically done by gangs who practiced widespread organized crime throughout the 1920's. "Scarface' Al Capone was the biggest and the baddest. Bloodshed and murder followed his armor-clad, bulletproof windowed car through Chicago. The feds named him "Public Enemy Number One." The "G-men" never got him for the dirty stuff; they did jail him in Alcatraz for tax evasion.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
- John Dewey who advocated "learning by doing" and "education for life." The Rockefeller Foundation funded a health drive that nearly eliminated hookworm which mostly hit the poor. Nutrition and health care extended the life expectancy from 50 years in 1901 to 59 years in 1929.Scientists butted heads with traditionalists in the 20's in the "Scopes Monkey Trial" over Darwin's theory of evolution.Fundamentalists believed in a literal reading of the Bible. They'd grown in numbers, especially in the "Bible Belt" of the South.Tennessee passed a law banning teaching evolution in public schools. A young biology teacher, John T. Scopes broke this law and taught evolution.Dayton, TN became a national stage for the first evolution vs. creation showdown. Big-name lawyers led both sides: the evolution side was argued by Clarence Darrow, presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan argued the creation side.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
- America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's due to a dramatic surge of innovation and general change. Technology advanced as the decade progressed; the new availability of cars, airplanes, and the radio fundamentally altered American life.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
- Frederick Taylor promoted efficiency in production. He would put the stopwatch on a worker then orchestrate his movements to eliminated wasted movement and quicken his time. It was effective as workers became very effective
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
- The production of the automobile increased the effectiveness of the assembly line and brought it to the forefront of manufacturing. Henry Ford's strategy became economic principles that backed a strong economy. He also supported an economy that contained high working class purchasing power, therefore, he paid his workers high pay checks.
Humans Develop Wings
*Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
- Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for heavier-than-air craft, and by the early 20th century advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. Many Americans first saw a plane when a stunt flier would barnstorm their town or county fair.Planes were used mainly in World War I—mostly for spying I guess dog fighting each other, and crude bombing. After WWI planes really got going. They were used for air mail. The first transcontinental airmail route started from New York to San Francisco in 1920.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
- The broadcast media have allowed Americans to listen to and watch candidates for public office in order to decide for themselves who merits their support. But they have also promoted anti-intellectualism and elevated mindless entertainment.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
- During this time there were increased leisure times, prior to the Great Depression, which made movies increasingly prominent. Like the "Great Train Robbery" or the "The Birth Of a NAtion."This rise in popularity led the scriptwriters to incorporate messages into their screenplays. Many presidents used movies about them in order to sway the population’s votes, which demonstrates one way in which advertising began to emerge even through TV and movies.
*The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
- The young "Jazz Age" set of "flaming youth" shocked the older crowd. The young modern women in the 20's, the "flappers" were the worst. They dressed scantily and danced "dirty" to the Charleston.They drank alcohol, bobbed their hair short, courted boys in motorcars, and openly spoke of sex.It was popular to read of Sigmund Freud's psychological theories (always involving sex and violence). Freud said sexual repression led to many ills, mental, and physical issues. Thus, sexual gratification was needed for both types of health
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wrigh
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
- Jazz music was a whole new experience for Americans, due to the radio it became a nationwide phenomenon where “flappers” and the charleston developed. Women found themselves out of the home more, dancing, and breaking the stereotypical boundaries. They smoked, they danced, showed a bit of leg, and indulged in shoes and fur coats. Jazz music made the 1920s one big party as America entertained and pampered themselves. Film was also introduced, allowing another form of entertainment. Movie stars became popular and so did athletes. Baseball teams developed, and Babe Ruth’s popularity was born.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
- It can be said that the government economic policy of the 1920s was proved unsuccessful by the Great Depression that followed. All because of Andrew Mellon.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS
Andrew Mellon
He was the Secretary of the Treasury during the 1920s and under Harding that had the theory that high taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He had followers in his theory called Mellonites. He helped engineer a series of tax reductions and reduced national debt by $10 billion. He was accused of indirectly encouraging the bull market and starting the descent into the stock market crash. Some people, however, believed he was the "greatest secretary of treasury since Hamilton." He used "trickle-down" economics.
Herbert Hoover
He was the head of the Food Administration during World War I. Hoover became the Secretary of Commerce and encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression.
Albert B. Fall
fall was Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anti-conservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the (Tea Pot Dome scandal).
Robert LaFollette
A senator from Wisconsin who ran for the presidency nominated by the Progressive party. Their platform called for government ownership of the railroads and relief for farmers and it lashed out at monopolies. Nevertheless he lost to Coolidge.
Alfred E. Smith
Smith ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time where many people were prejudice toward Catholics.
Ohio Gang
A group of poker-playing men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain and access money for themselves. The Ohio Gang were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.
Washington Conference
The Washington Conference 1921-1922 was a meeting between most major world powers. This conference was for the disarmament of these countries. This meeting also prevented the U. S. and Britain from fortifying their Far East possessions and established the Four Power treaty. The major powers promised to preserve the status-quo in the Pacific. Reduced the number of large battleships for the major powers.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A treaty signed in 1928 renouncing war as a means of solving international disputes.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
In 1922, Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law. As a result, foreign tariff 's became as high as 38.5%. This was designed to equalize the price of American and Foreign products
Teapot Dome Scandal
One of many scandals under Harding which involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert B. Fall got Secretary of Navy, Denby to transfer valuable goods to Interior Department in secret. Harry Sinclair and Edward L Dohney were released the lands after paying a large bribe. Scandal polluted governments prestige and made public wonder about the sufficiency of government and undermined faith in courts
Dawes Plan
Calvin Coolidge's running mate, Charles Dawes is largely responsible for the Dawes plan of 1924 and it was an attempt to pay off the damages from WWI. This intricate monetary "merry-go-round", as it was often called, gave money to Germany who then paid France and Britain for debts of the war. Former allies then paid the U.S. When the Depression hit, the "merry-go-round" stopped. Finland was the only nation to pay off their debts to the very last penny in 1976. The U.S. never received the money it was owed.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Began as a protective measure to help farmers, but turned out to be the highest protective tariff in the nation's peace time history. It raised the duty on goods from 38.5 percent to 60% in 1930.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
(1932) This corporation became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments. Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals. In the election of 1932, Hoover ran against FDR and this was part of Hoover's plan.
Bonus Army
A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and practically saving democracy. They marched up to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate and scare Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
This said that the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force. (This doctrine is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in the year 1931)
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
-people like Senator Albert B. Fall of New Mexico, a-scheming anti-conservationist, became secretary of the interior, and Harry M. Daugherty took over the reigns as attorney general. Both very scandalous in their affairs. They were all in the Ohio Gang and all their scandals happened under Harding.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. -
The Harding administration pro-business policies were protective tariffs and cutting taxes for the rich and the reason why was Harding's campaign promise for a 'return to normalcy', although Harding’s administration was known for its corruption in the Teapot Dome Scandal, where they made deals with businessmen, exposed fully after Harding’s death in office in 1923. ChaCha
The Aftermath of WarKnow: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act 3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
- Because of the inflated sense of patriotism the country achieved from its efforts in the war, the American economy boomed on its own without foreign help. Isolation once again became prominent and this is highlighted in the highly isolationist Fordney-McCumber Tariff. Programs for veterans such as the creation of the American Legion and the Adjusted Compensation Act which gave veterans future insurance helped them along. The post-war economy was largely successful because of the effects of the WWI. Also, with increasing technology the economy took off on a floating cloud of prosperity
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
U.S. diplomacy at the peace conference in Versailles helped shape the post-World War I world (disarmament). The U.S. also did not cooperate much with the League of Nations, but eventually,“unofficial observers” did participate in conferences. The lack of real participation though from the U.S. proved to doom the League.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
- The high tariff of American exports actually harmed the economy. America was determined to stay out of any conflicts due to its isolationist policy. This extreme isolation was caused by the depression. Although Europe needed to sell goods to the U.S. in order to get the money to pay back its debts, and when i tcould not sell, it could not repay. Which caused a big problem. In the pro-business mood of the time period, businesses sought to up the tariff to protect themselves from cheaper European goods. They got their wish in the Fordney-McCumber Tariff which increased tariff rates from 27 to 38.5%.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
- This statement is somewhat true because the Teapot Dome Scandal and the scandal with Daugherty were major corruptions that were all under Harding and he did nothing about it.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
- Yes, they do describe Coolidge because he was known as a quiet straight to the point guy. He didn't ramble on he just said things straight to the point. Also known as one of the most boring presidents.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
- Farming has changed a great deal since 1890. Most of the changes have to do with technology and the process of farming becoming easier, due to the McNary Haugen Bill. The one thing that hasn't changed is that farms still rely on good prices for crops.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
- Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad. He was also aided by a split within the Democrats. The Progressive party refused to die and nominated Sen. Robert La Follette. He was endorsed by the American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) labor union and by the Socialists
Foreign-Policy
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
-If America would've cancelled war debts of european countries, most of these countries would have been more economically stable and potentially the United States could have avoided WWII. The United States wanted good relations with all countries and encouraged free trade.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
- The Dawes plan was simply a circle of money from-and-back-to America. Nothing would really be gained in the U.S., but at least on paper, the debts would be repaid. The U.S. never did get repaid for the loans. The only thing America got was resent from Britain and France who thought the U.S. was a bully that was very greedy.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
The democratic party was split between dry southerners and wet northerners. Al Smith had a drinking problem known to everyone and this turned a lot of people off. Hoover appealed to most everyone because of the prosperity the republicans had brought.
- President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
- Yes, it did help farmers prosper and a lot of them got back on their feet.They had plans such as Hoover's philosophy of helping one's self prompted his to get the Agricultural Marketing Act passed. It set up a Federal Farm Board which was to lend money to farmers.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
The immediate effects of t he stock market crash was the over speculation and people freaked out and started to tall try and pull their money out of their banks. Also the awful black tuseday which bottom dropped out of the stock market on some bad economic news from Britain
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
The Feds then raised interest rates and people withdrew their money and sold stocks causing the market, and the economy, to crash. After the crash people started spending less and started saving more. This lead to less and less production and jobs, causing unemployment to go higher. It was s bad that "Rugged individualism" took and cynically ironic turn when folks took care of themselves in homemade slums and were called "ragged individualists." These shanty-towns would soon be named "Hoovervilles."
-Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
President Hoover believed that it was life and we just have to the many difficulties that is why he didn't really do much to help the great depression.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain
- While Hoover really was a progressive & probably did more to end the Depression than any president in previous economic collapses, what he did failed to alleviate the situation and therefore he gained a reputation that was only partially deserved.
- Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
- They were routed and beaten by the US Army Cavalry at the orders of General Douglas McArthur, who claimed that he followed President Hoover's order to the letter. Tear gas clouded and gunfire rang out all through the day and night as WW I veterans sought redress from the War Department, only to be beaten and even killed by the government they had faithfully served. The "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (the BEF) was drummed up. It consisted of 20,000 people who marched to Washington, set up camp (literally), and demanded their bonuses.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
It demonstrated weakness because if they were able to help and listen to Japan then the destruction of Manchuria would of been prevented.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
- Hoover called his foreign policy toward Latin America "The Good Neighbor Policy." He wanted to pull American troops out of Latin America as he could. He refused to intervene in Cuba despite the civil conflicts going on in that island.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
She was the wife of Franklin Roosevelt who traveled everywhere with him on behalf of all his campaigns. She became the most active First Lady in history and fought for the rights of all Americans.
Harry Hopkins
The head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). A friend and advisor to President FDR. He was very involved in reforms in the Great Depression and in the 30's and 40's in such issues as unemployment and mortgages.
Frances Perkins
She was the first woman appointed to a cabinet position. Appointed by FDR, she became Secretary of Labor. She received a lot of undeserved criticism from male politicians and businessmen.
Father Coughlin
Anti-New Deal Catholic Priest; began broadcasting in 1930; called the "microphone messiah"; slogan was "Social Justice"; silenced in 1942 when his broadcasts became too radical.
Huey Long
Anti-New Deal Catholic Priest; began broadcasting in 1930; called the "microphone messiah"; slogan was "Social Justice"; silenced in 1942 when his broadcasts became too radical.
Francis Townshend
Townshend was a retired physician who developed a plan in which the government would give monetary resources to senior citizens ages sixty and over. This plan was a type of pension for older Americans. He had a lot of followers. This people thought FDR wasn't doing enough.
Harold Ickes
"Honest Harold"; Secretary of the interior; became head of the Public Works Administration (PWA); dealt with industrial recovery and unemployment relief by creating jobs (over thirty-four thousand project jobs for workers). His determination to prevent waste prevented maximum relief.
Alfred M. Landon
Alfred M. Landon was the republican candidate in 1936. This honest and wealthy man from Kansas lost greatly to the Democrat Franklin Roosevelt. He had stressed balancing the budget.
Brain Trust(s)
Small group of reform minded intellectuals, mainly young college professors. Considered much of the New Deal legislation and worked as a kitchen cabinet for Franklin Roosevelt.
The three R's
1. Relief - Immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration.
2. Recovery - "Pump - Priming" Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand.
3. Reform - Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters.
National Labor Relation Board :
Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930's by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.
Congress of Industrial Organizations :
Also known as the CIO, this labor union formed in the ranks of the AFL. It consisted of unskilled workers. The AFL got scared of their influence on workers and suspended all members of the CIO. In 1938 it broke with the AF of L. By 1940 it had 4 million members.
Liberty League:
The Liberty League consisted of the conservatives that opposed the New Deal introduced by FDR. Their common opinion was that FDR was pushing the United States too close to socialism. They saw the New Deal as being more apt to hurt United States economics than to help it. (Herbert Hoover and General Motors)
Court-packing scheme:
Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
- FDR was extremely ambitious but somehow developed a compassion for the poor and downtrodden. He loved being their savior and hero and they were willing to keep him in power. He was ruthless with political enemies . He thought that no one else in the country could rule with his ability and thought that if he really tried he could win anybody over to do his bidding. He liked to run everything he was into
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
- He promised to help the situation of the poor and working class. He promised to create more job opportunity and to lower the tariffs.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
- Franklin Roosevelt tried to bring the country out of the Depression through a combination of deficit spending and federal programs known as the New Deal. So the immediate results were that he started working on programs to relieve the economic disaster of the Great Depression.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal
- FDR's first "Hundred Days" saw a shipload of bills passed into law. The laws are often called the "Alphabet Soup" because they're a dizziness collection of acronyms, like the TVA, CCC, WPA, PWA, and on and on. The New Deal, FDR's plan for fighting the Great Depression, was under way.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
- The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In one of his famous fireside acts "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
- What the New Deal did was help people find jobs and to help their current situations, whether that be with their homes or their farms. The Radical critics wanted to physically handout 5000 dollars to every single citizen. Likely the most popular New Deal program was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).In the CCC, young men were hired to work in the national forests. They lived in camps like boy scouts and did things like clearing land, blazing trails, planting trees, draining swamps, etc.The CCC provided some experience, some adventure, and a wage to send home to the folks—things healthy young men couldn't turn down.The Federal Relief Administration (FERA) sought relief in the form of the dole (government hand-outs). Harry L. Hopkins was placed in charge of the administration and $3 billion was given to the states for doling out.He proudly said they'd spend, tax, and get themselves reelected. Others saw this scheme as simply taking one person's money in taxes and giving it to another person to buy his vote.The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) offered low interest loans to farmers.The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) refinanced people's home loans at lower interest rates.Unemployment was a lingering problem. In hopes of fighting it, FDR started the Civil Works Administration (CWA). It was to provide temporary jobs to see folks through a short period (winter).Finding jobs was hard to do and many were just made-up jobs, called "boondoggling." Critics saw the frequent result of a boondoggle job - just leaning-on-a-shovel and while collecting taxpayer money.Notably, the Great Migration was wrapping up at about this time. It's the massive movement by blacks from the rural South to the cities up North. It roughly went on between 1910 and 1930.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
- Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin was one of the most persistent voices heaerd in the Great Depression. Dr. Francis Townsend also came up with a wild idea. He proposed to dole out $200/month to 5 million senior citizens. They would have to spend it, thus helping pump-prime the economy. Like Huey Long's idea, this was a mathematically ludicrous plan.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
- The factors that all these ladies had to gain fame was the first lady Elenaor Roosevelt. She madee it possible. After having the right to vote for over 10 years now, women began taking a more active role in things. Leading the way was Eleanor Roosevelt.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
- The NRA attempted to restore industry by reducing destructive competition and encouraging codes of fair competition. The NRA helped through employing workers who were unemployed, and regulated minimum wage and maximum working hours for employees.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
- Farmers were particularly hit by Depression as overproduction, decreased prices, and the Dust Bowl took its toll on American agriculture. The AAA was created to relieve farmers by encouraging artifial scarcity. The program paid farmers not to farm and created a more government-regulated agricultural system
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
Such as the Dust bowl and other nature related disasters it prohibited the farmers from growing natural herbs, or fruit, or vegetables etc. This was a huge setback for farming back then.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
- With the San Joaquin Valley, people were able to get backon tehir feet and this progressed some positive change for California.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
- This was due to the Wall Street Crash and the loss of extensive wealth. Reformists were determined to curb the “money changers” who had played with investors before the Wall Street crash of 1929. In 1934 Congress authorized the Securities and Exchange Commission, which was designed as a spy like administrative agency. Congress tried to fix this with the Federal Securities Act (AKA the "Truth in Securities Act"). It required companies to report honest financial numbers
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
- When Democrats after 1945 proclaimed the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model for third-world countries to follow, conservative critics charged it was a top-heavy, centralized, technocratic venture that displaced locals and did so in insensitive ways.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
- Social Security and FHA do not have specific programs that are aimed at helping the least fortunate. However, they are themselves programs that the least fortunate can utilize. More low-income children live in families that receive a Social Security check. FHA requires a lower more affordable downpayment for buying a house.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
- t is important to realize that despite this progress, organized labor strived for more. Organizations such as the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations - which later combined with AFL to become a powerful union/interest group) replaced less inclusive groups like the AFL, fostering a greater sense of unity amongst workers and encouraging uprisings such as the Sit-down Strike. The Wagner Act of 1935 supported the workers' causes as it allowed them to openly join unions without penalty from their employers. The National Labor Relations Board is especially important as it is an independent federal agency that defined and enforced regulations/relations between employers and workers of private sector businesses. Government intervention in the private sector industries would prove to be one of the most important keys to improving working conditions and bringing the U.S. out of Depression.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
- The 1936 US election was significant because it was the first time that the presidential candidates appeared on TV. Although very few people owned a TV set in their home, those who did have one saw both President Roosevelt and Mr. Landon address a political gathering in different places. It was also significant because a majority of black voters, voted for a Democrat.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
- Roosevelt's court-packing plan was intended to prevent the US Supreme Court from declaring his New Deal legislation unconstitutional by adding justices who favored his policies and to change the balance of the Court toward liberalism.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
- FDR's attempt to pack the Supreme Court with adhering justices produced numerous results. In the end he indirectly achieved what he wanted as Justice Roberts switched his decision on many cases to give the supporters of the New Deal programs a 5-4 margin; however, the results of this brash action proved to be more distastrous even with Roberts' switch. The public became largely angry with FDR's attempt to pack the courts. It was seen as dictatorial and an attempt to invalidate the delicate system of checks and balances this country was founded on. Around this time support and success of the New Deal took a downward spin.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
-During FDR's second term, he passed : The United States Housing Authority Act ( 1937 ), a new and revised Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Fair Labor and Standards Act in 1938. The Supreme Court overturned many of his other proposed programs including the NRA. FDR attempted to insert 5 new Supreme Court judges, court packing, which was overturned. However, over the course of his term, 8 spots were filled on the S. Court due to death and retirement.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
- The most fair criticism of the New Deal is that there was a lot of wasteful and unnecessary spending, which did little to boost and recover the economy. It was widely criticized due to its lack of effectiveness, in fact, farm surpluses actually increased under FDR to more than they had under Hoover. The least fair criticism probabbly is from the critics who claim it didn't pull America out of the Depression and didn't help the nation. The New Deal was the initial proposal to aid the US to economic recovery when no other plans were produced at the time
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
-The New Deal represented a set of extensive legislative programs intended to alleviate human suffering that resulted from the Great Depression. Leuechtenburg thought it was a radical program when he said it was a "half way revolution"
He was and attorney General who gathered up many suspects who were thought to be "un-American and socialistic" Palmer helped to increase the Red Scare and he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home. He then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."
John T. Scopes
Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee and his trial was watched all over the country. This trial symbolized the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernalist. In the outcome Scopes was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad.
Clarence Darrow
A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish and idiotic when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
Andrew Mellon
A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
Frederick W. Taylor
Taylor was an engineer, inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.
Margaret Sanger
Sanger organized a birth-control movement which openly gave right to the use of contraceptives in the 1920's.
H. L. Mencken
H.L. Mencken was a patron to many young writers in the 1920's. He criticized many classes like the middle class, democracy, marriage, and patriotism in his monthly American Mercury
F. Scott Fitzgerald
He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which emplored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society.
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. .
Sinclair Lewis
Lewis was the chief chronicler of Midwestern life. He was a master of satire.
Buying on Margin
This kind of buying stocks was usually only used by poor and middle class people. They would buy the stock, but only pay for part of it and borrow money from the stockbrokers to pay the rest. Then when they sold the stock for a higher price, they would pay the broker off and keep the rest of the profit. This practice led to the great depression, because the banks couldn't get their money back when the stock market crashed.
Red Scare
The Red Scare boomed in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US and several Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were xenophobic. This was the most controversial case ever.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the US in 1910.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.
Volstead Act
The Volstead Act instrumented the 18th Amendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%.
Fundamentalism
A movement that pushed that the teachings of Darwin were destroying faith in God and the Bible. It consisted of the old-time religionists who didn't want to conform to modern science.
Modernists
They believed that God was a "good guy" and the universe was a pretty chummy place. These were the people who believed in God but were also able to except evolution and modern science
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
- Although violating the right of hapeous corpus, after the first red scare the United Stats government, mostly the Secretary of State A. Mitchell Palmer, rounded up and arrested many citizens with little or no evidence. Propaganda journalism was also created to denounce communism and all of its works. The two anarchist Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were eventually captured, tried, and convicted of murder and were eventually executed. This was a very controversial case.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
- In 1915, William Simmons founded the twentieth-century version of the KKK after viewing the film, "Birth of a Nation," which glorified the history of the Klan. The new Klan was not only anti black, but anti Jewish, anti foreign, and anti-Catholic. The Klan actually became a respected part of the Democratic Party and reached its highest point of political power in the 1920s, when membership may have been as high as 4.5 million.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
- Makers of America: The Poles
The Immigration Law of 1924 was also passed due to the Red Scare. It deducted the amount of immigration to America by an extra 5%, making it an overall reduction of 7%.
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Factors that led poles to America were economic hardship, political catastrophe, and collapsed labor unions in Poland served as the driving forces of Polish immigration to the United States.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
Because all of the countries surrounding the US were still selling it, so organized crime benefited heavily from it since it gave them a product that's easy to obtain, and it was in huge demand. The worst people to be against is the mob, since they would bribe half the police force, politicians, judges, and city officials.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
*Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
- Gangsterism was typically done by gangs who practiced widespread organized crime throughout the 1920's. "Scarface' Al Capone was the biggest and the baddest. Bloodshed and murder followed his armor-clad, bulletproof windowed car through Chicago. The feds named him "Public Enemy Number One." The "G-men" never got him for the dirty stuff; they did jail him in Alcatraz for tax evasion.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
- John Dewey who advocated "learning by doing" and "education for life." The Rockefeller Foundation funded a health drive that nearly eliminated hookworm which mostly hit the poor. Nutrition and health care extended the life expectancy from 50 years in 1901 to 59 years in 1929.Scientists butted heads with traditionalists in the 20's in the "Scopes Monkey Trial" over Darwin's theory of evolution.Fundamentalists believed in a literal reading of the Bible. They'd grown in numbers, especially in the "Bible Belt" of the South.Tennessee passed a law banning teaching evolution in public schools. A young biology teacher, John T. Scopes broke this law and taught evolution.Dayton, TN became a national stage for the first evolution vs. creation showdown. Big-name lawyers led both sides: the evolution side was argued by Clarence Darrow, presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan argued the creation side.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
- America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's due to a dramatic surge of innovation and general change. Technology advanced as the decade progressed; the new availability of cars, airplanes, and the radio fundamentally altered American life.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
- Frederick Taylor promoted efficiency in production. He would put the stopwatch on a worker then orchestrate his movements to eliminated wasted movement and quicken his time. It was effective as workers became very effective
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
- The production of the automobile increased the effectiveness of the assembly line and brought it to the forefront of manufacturing. Henry Ford's strategy became economic principles that backed a strong economy. He also supported an economy that contained high working class purchasing power, therefore, he paid his workers high pay checks.
Humans Develop Wings
*Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
- Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for heavier-than-air craft, and by the early 20th century advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. Many Americans first saw a plane when a stunt flier would barnstorm their town or county fair.Planes were used mainly in World War I—mostly for spying I guess dog fighting each other, and crude bombing. After WWI planes really got going. They were used for air mail. The first transcontinental airmail route started from New York to San Francisco in 1920.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
- The broadcast media have allowed Americans to listen to and watch candidates for public office in order to decide for themselves who merits their support. But they have also promoted anti-intellectualism and elevated mindless entertainment.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
- During this time there were increased leisure times, prior to the Great Depression, which made movies increasingly prominent. Like the "Great Train Robbery" or the "The Birth Of a NAtion."This rise in popularity led the scriptwriters to incorporate messages into their screenplays. Many presidents used movies about them in order to sway the population’s votes, which demonstrates one way in which advertising began to emerge even through TV and movies.
*The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
- The young "Jazz Age" set of "flaming youth" shocked the older crowd. The young modern women in the 20's, the "flappers" were the worst. They dressed scantily and danced "dirty" to the Charleston.They drank alcohol, bobbed their hair short, courted boys in motorcars, and openly spoke of sex.It was popular to read of Sigmund Freud's psychological theories (always involving sex and violence). Freud said sexual repression led to many ills, mental, and physical issues. Thus, sexual gratification was needed for both types of health
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wrigh
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
- Jazz music was a whole new experience for Americans, due to the radio it became a nationwide phenomenon where “flappers” and the charleston developed. Women found themselves out of the home more, dancing, and breaking the stereotypical boundaries. They smoked, they danced, showed a bit of leg, and indulged in shoes and fur coats. Jazz music made the 1920s one big party as America entertained and pampered themselves. Film was also introduced, allowing another form of entertainment. Movie stars became popular and so did athletes. Baseball teams developed, and Babe Ruth’s popularity was born.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
- It can be said that the government economic policy of the 1920s was proved unsuccessful by the Great Depression that followed. All because of Andrew Mellon.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS
Andrew Mellon
He was the Secretary of the Treasury during the 1920s and under Harding that had the theory that high taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He had followers in his theory called Mellonites. He helped engineer a series of tax reductions and reduced national debt by $10 billion. He was accused of indirectly encouraging the bull market and starting the descent into the stock market crash. Some people, however, believed he was the "greatest secretary of treasury since Hamilton." He used "trickle-down" economics.
Herbert Hoover
He was the head of the Food Administration during World War I. Hoover became the Secretary of Commerce and encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression.
Albert B. Fall
fall was Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anti-conservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the (Tea Pot Dome scandal).
Robert LaFollette
A senator from Wisconsin who ran for the presidency nominated by the Progressive party. Their platform called for government ownership of the railroads and relief for farmers and it lashed out at monopolies. Nevertheless he lost to Coolidge.
Alfred E. Smith
Smith ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time where many people were prejudice toward Catholics.
Ohio Gang
A group of poker-playing men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain and access money for themselves. The Ohio Gang were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.
Washington Conference
The Washington Conference 1921-1922 was a meeting between most major world powers. This conference was for the disarmament of these countries. This meeting also prevented the U. S. and Britain from fortifying their Far East possessions and established the Four Power treaty. The major powers promised to preserve the status-quo in the Pacific. Reduced the number of large battleships for the major powers.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A treaty signed in 1928 renouncing war as a means of solving international disputes.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
In 1922, Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law. As a result, foreign tariff 's became as high as 38.5%. This was designed to equalize the price of American and Foreign products
Teapot Dome Scandal
One of many scandals under Harding which involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert B. Fall got Secretary of Navy, Denby to transfer valuable goods to Interior Department in secret. Harry Sinclair and Edward L Dohney were released the lands after paying a large bribe. Scandal polluted governments prestige and made public wonder about the sufficiency of government and undermined faith in courts
Dawes Plan
Calvin Coolidge's running mate, Charles Dawes is largely responsible for the Dawes plan of 1924 and it was an attempt to pay off the damages from WWI. This intricate monetary "merry-go-round", as it was often called, gave money to Germany who then paid France and Britain for debts of the war. Former allies then paid the U.S. When the Depression hit, the "merry-go-round" stopped. Finland was the only nation to pay off their debts to the very last penny in 1976. The U.S. never received the money it was owed.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Began as a protective measure to help farmers, but turned out to be the highest protective tariff in the nation's peace time history. It raised the duty on goods from 38.5 percent to 60% in 1930.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
(1932) This corporation became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments. Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals. In the election of 1932, Hoover ran against FDR and this was part of Hoover's plan.
Bonus Army
A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and practically saving democracy. They marched up to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate and scare Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
This said that the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force. (This doctrine is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in the year 1931)
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
-people like Senator Albert B. Fall of New Mexico, a-scheming anti-conservationist, became secretary of the interior, and Harry M. Daugherty took over the reigns as attorney general. Both very scandalous in their affairs. They were all in the Ohio Gang and all their scandals happened under Harding.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. -
The Harding administration pro-business policies were protective tariffs and cutting taxes for the rich and the reason why was Harding's campaign promise for a 'return to normalcy', although Harding’s administration was known for its corruption in the Teapot Dome Scandal, where they made deals with businessmen, exposed fully after Harding’s death in office in 1923. ChaCha
The Aftermath of WarKnow: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act 3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
- Because of the inflated sense of patriotism the country achieved from its efforts in the war, the American economy boomed on its own without foreign help. Isolation once again became prominent and this is highlighted in the highly isolationist Fordney-McCumber Tariff. Programs for veterans such as the creation of the American Legion and the Adjusted Compensation Act which gave veterans future insurance helped them along. The post-war economy was largely successful because of the effects of the WWI. Also, with increasing technology the economy took off on a floating cloud of prosperity
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
U.S. diplomacy at the peace conference in Versailles helped shape the post-World War I world (disarmament). The U.S. also did not cooperate much with the League of Nations, but eventually,“unofficial observers” did participate in conferences. The lack of real participation though from the U.S. proved to doom the League.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
- The high tariff of American exports actually harmed the economy. America was determined to stay out of any conflicts due to its isolationist policy. This extreme isolation was caused by the depression. Although Europe needed to sell goods to the U.S. in order to get the money to pay back its debts, and when i tcould not sell, it could not repay. Which caused a big problem. In the pro-business mood of the time period, businesses sought to up the tariff to protect themselves from cheaper European goods. They got their wish in the Fordney-McCumber Tariff which increased tariff rates from 27 to 38.5%.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
- This statement is somewhat true because the Teapot Dome Scandal and the scandal with Daugherty were major corruptions that were all under Harding and he did nothing about it.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
- Yes, they do describe Coolidge because he was known as a quiet straight to the point guy. He didn't ramble on he just said things straight to the point. Also known as one of the most boring presidents.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
- Farming has changed a great deal since 1890. Most of the changes have to do with technology and the process of farming becoming easier, due to the McNary Haugen Bill. The one thing that hasn't changed is that farms still rely on good prices for crops.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
- Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad. He was also aided by a split within the Democrats. The Progressive party refused to die and nominated Sen. Robert La Follette. He was endorsed by the American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) labor union and by the Socialists
Foreign-Policy
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
-If America would've cancelled war debts of european countries, most of these countries would have been more economically stable and potentially the United States could have avoided WWII. The United States wanted good relations with all countries and encouraged free trade.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
- The Dawes plan was simply a circle of money from-and-back-to America. Nothing would really be gained in the U.S., but at least on paper, the debts would be repaid. The U.S. never did get repaid for the loans. The only thing America got was resent from Britain and France who thought the U.S. was a bully that was very greedy.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
The democratic party was split between dry southerners and wet northerners. Al Smith had a drinking problem known to everyone and this turned a lot of people off. Hoover appealed to most everyone because of the prosperity the republicans had brought.
- President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
- Yes, it did help farmers prosper and a lot of them got back on their feet.They had plans such as Hoover's philosophy of helping one's self prompted his to get the Agricultural Marketing Act passed. It set up a Federal Farm Board which was to lend money to farmers.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
The immediate effects of t he stock market crash was the over speculation and people freaked out and started to tall try and pull their money out of their banks. Also the awful black tuseday which bottom dropped out of the stock market on some bad economic news from Britain
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
The Feds then raised interest rates and people withdrew their money and sold stocks causing the market, and the economy, to crash. After the crash people started spending less and started saving more. This lead to less and less production and jobs, causing unemployment to go higher. It was s bad that "Rugged individualism" took and cynically ironic turn when folks took care of themselves in homemade slums and were called "ragged individualists." These shanty-towns would soon be named "Hoovervilles."
-Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
President Hoover believed that it was life and we just have to the many difficulties that is why he didn't really do much to help the great depression.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain
- While Hoover really was a progressive & probably did more to end the Depression than any president in previous economic collapses, what he did failed to alleviate the situation and therefore he gained a reputation that was only partially deserved.
- Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
- They were routed and beaten by the US Army Cavalry at the orders of General Douglas McArthur, who claimed that he followed President Hoover's order to the letter. Tear gas clouded and gunfire rang out all through the day and night as WW I veterans sought redress from the War Department, only to be beaten and even killed by the government they had faithfully served. The "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (the BEF) was drummed up. It consisted of 20,000 people who marched to Washington, set up camp (literally), and demanded their bonuses.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
It demonstrated weakness because if they were able to help and listen to Japan then the destruction of Manchuria would of been prevented.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
- Hoover called his foreign policy toward Latin America "The Good Neighbor Policy." He wanted to pull American troops out of Latin America as he could. He refused to intervene in Cuba despite the civil conflicts going on in that island.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
She was the wife of Franklin Roosevelt who traveled everywhere with him on behalf of all his campaigns. She became the most active First Lady in history and fought for the rights of all Americans.
Harry Hopkins
The head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). A friend and advisor to President FDR. He was very involved in reforms in the Great Depression and in the 30's and 40's in such issues as unemployment and mortgages.
Frances Perkins
She was the first woman appointed to a cabinet position. Appointed by FDR, she became Secretary of Labor. She received a lot of undeserved criticism from male politicians and businessmen.
Father Coughlin
Anti-New Deal Catholic Priest; began broadcasting in 1930; called the "microphone messiah"; slogan was "Social Justice"; silenced in 1942 when his broadcasts became too radical.
Huey Long
Anti-New Deal Catholic Priest; began broadcasting in 1930; called the "microphone messiah"; slogan was "Social Justice"; silenced in 1942 when his broadcasts became too radical.
Francis Townshend
Townshend was a retired physician who developed a plan in which the government would give monetary resources to senior citizens ages sixty and over. This plan was a type of pension for older Americans. He had a lot of followers. This people thought FDR wasn't doing enough.
Harold Ickes
"Honest Harold"; Secretary of the interior; became head of the Public Works Administration (PWA); dealt with industrial recovery and unemployment relief by creating jobs (over thirty-four thousand project jobs for workers). His determination to prevent waste prevented maximum relief.
Alfred M. Landon
Alfred M. Landon was the republican candidate in 1936. This honest and wealthy man from Kansas lost greatly to the Democrat Franklin Roosevelt. He had stressed balancing the budget.
Brain Trust(s)
Small group of reform minded intellectuals, mainly young college professors. Considered much of the New Deal legislation and worked as a kitchen cabinet for Franklin Roosevelt.
The three R's
1. Relief - Immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration.
2. Recovery - "Pump - Priming" Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand.
3. Reform - Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters.
National Labor Relation Board :
Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930's by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.
Congress of Industrial Organizations :
Also known as the CIO, this labor union formed in the ranks of the AFL. It consisted of unskilled workers. The AFL got scared of their influence on workers and suspended all members of the CIO. In 1938 it broke with the AF of L. By 1940 it had 4 million members.
Liberty League:
The Liberty League consisted of the conservatives that opposed the New Deal introduced by FDR. Their common opinion was that FDR was pushing the United States too close to socialism. They saw the New Deal as being more apt to hurt United States economics than to help it. (Herbert Hoover and General Motors)
Court-packing scheme:
Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
- FDR was extremely ambitious but somehow developed a compassion for the poor and downtrodden. He loved being their savior and hero and they were willing to keep him in power. He was ruthless with political enemies . He thought that no one else in the country could rule with his ability and thought that if he really tried he could win anybody over to do his bidding. He liked to run everything he was into
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
- He promised to help the situation of the poor and working class. He promised to create more job opportunity and to lower the tariffs.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
- Franklin Roosevelt tried to bring the country out of the Depression through a combination of deficit spending and federal programs known as the New Deal. So the immediate results were that he started working on programs to relieve the economic disaster of the Great Depression.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal
- FDR's first "Hundred Days" saw a shipload of bills passed into law. The laws are often called the "Alphabet Soup" because they're a dizziness collection of acronyms, like the TVA, CCC, WPA, PWA, and on and on. The New Deal, FDR's plan for fighting the Great Depression, was under way.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
- The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In one of his famous fireside acts "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
- What the New Deal did was help people find jobs and to help their current situations, whether that be with their homes or their farms. The Radical critics wanted to physically handout 5000 dollars to every single citizen. Likely the most popular New Deal program was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).In the CCC, young men were hired to work in the national forests. They lived in camps like boy scouts and did things like clearing land, blazing trails, planting trees, draining swamps, etc.The CCC provided some experience, some adventure, and a wage to send home to the folks—things healthy young men couldn't turn down.The Federal Relief Administration (FERA) sought relief in the form of the dole (government hand-outs). Harry L. Hopkins was placed in charge of the administration and $3 billion was given to the states for doling out.He proudly said they'd spend, tax, and get themselves reelected. Others saw this scheme as simply taking one person's money in taxes and giving it to another person to buy his vote.The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) offered low interest loans to farmers.The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) refinanced people's home loans at lower interest rates.Unemployment was a lingering problem. In hopes of fighting it, FDR started the Civil Works Administration (CWA). It was to provide temporary jobs to see folks through a short period (winter).Finding jobs was hard to do and many were just made-up jobs, called "boondoggling." Critics saw the frequent result of a boondoggle job - just leaning-on-a-shovel and while collecting taxpayer money.Notably, the Great Migration was wrapping up at about this time. It's the massive movement by blacks from the rural South to the cities up North. It roughly went on between 1910 and 1930.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
- Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin was one of the most persistent voices heaerd in the Great Depression. Dr. Francis Townsend also came up with a wild idea. He proposed to dole out $200/month to 5 million senior citizens. They would have to spend it, thus helping pump-prime the economy. Like Huey Long's idea, this was a mathematically ludicrous plan.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
- The factors that all these ladies had to gain fame was the first lady Elenaor Roosevelt. She madee it possible. After having the right to vote for over 10 years now, women began taking a more active role in things. Leading the way was Eleanor Roosevelt.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
- The NRA attempted to restore industry by reducing destructive competition and encouraging codes of fair competition. The NRA helped through employing workers who were unemployed, and regulated minimum wage and maximum working hours for employees.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
- Farmers were particularly hit by Depression as overproduction, decreased prices, and the Dust Bowl took its toll on American agriculture. The AAA was created to relieve farmers by encouraging artifial scarcity. The program paid farmers not to farm and created a more government-regulated agricultural system
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
Such as the Dust bowl and other nature related disasters it prohibited the farmers from growing natural herbs, or fruit, or vegetables etc. This was a huge setback for farming back then.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
- With the San Joaquin Valley, people were able to get backon tehir feet and this progressed some positive change for California.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
- This was due to the Wall Street Crash and the loss of extensive wealth. Reformists were determined to curb the “money changers” who had played with investors before the Wall Street crash of 1929. In 1934 Congress authorized the Securities and Exchange Commission, which was designed as a spy like administrative agency. Congress tried to fix this with the Federal Securities Act (AKA the "Truth in Securities Act"). It required companies to report honest financial numbers
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
- When Democrats after 1945 proclaimed the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model for third-world countries to follow, conservative critics charged it was a top-heavy, centralized, technocratic venture that displaced locals and did so in insensitive ways.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
- Social Security and FHA do not have specific programs that are aimed at helping the least fortunate. However, they are themselves programs that the least fortunate can utilize. More low-income children live in families that receive a Social Security check. FHA requires a lower more affordable downpayment for buying a house.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
- t is important to realize that despite this progress, organized labor strived for more. Organizations such as the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations - which later combined with AFL to become a powerful union/interest group) replaced less inclusive groups like the AFL, fostering a greater sense of unity amongst workers and encouraging uprisings such as the Sit-down Strike. The Wagner Act of 1935 supported the workers' causes as it allowed them to openly join unions without penalty from their employers. The National Labor Relations Board is especially important as it is an independent federal agency that defined and enforced regulations/relations between employers and workers of private sector businesses. Government intervention in the private sector industries would prove to be one of the most important keys to improving working conditions and bringing the U.S. out of Depression.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
- The 1936 US election was significant because it was the first time that the presidential candidates appeared on TV. Although very few people owned a TV set in their home, those who did have one saw both President Roosevelt and Mr. Landon address a political gathering in different places. It was also significant because a majority of black voters, voted for a Democrat.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
- Roosevelt's court-packing plan was intended to prevent the US Supreme Court from declaring his New Deal legislation unconstitutional by adding justices who favored his policies and to change the balance of the Court toward liberalism.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
- FDR's attempt to pack the Supreme Court with adhering justices produced numerous results. In the end he indirectly achieved what he wanted as Justice Roberts switched his decision on many cases to give the supporters of the New Deal programs a 5-4 margin; however, the results of this brash action proved to be more distastrous even with Roberts' switch. The public became largely angry with FDR's attempt to pack the courts. It was seen as dictatorial and an attempt to invalidate the delicate system of checks and balances this country was founded on. Around this time support and success of the New Deal took a downward spin.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
-During FDR's second term, he passed : The United States Housing Authority Act ( 1937 ), a new and revised Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Fair Labor and Standards Act in 1938. The Supreme Court overturned many of his other proposed programs including the NRA. FDR attempted to insert 5 new Supreme Court judges, court packing, which was overturned. However, over the course of his term, 8 spots were filled on the S. Court due to death and retirement.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
- The most fair criticism of the New Deal is that there was a lot of wasteful and unnecessary spending, which did little to boost and recover the economy. It was widely criticized due to its lack of effectiveness, in fact, farm surpluses actually increased under FDR to more than they had under Hoover. The least fair criticism probabbly is from the critics who claim it didn't pull America out of the Depression and didn't help the nation. The New Deal was the initial proposal to aid the US to economic recovery when no other plans were produced at the time
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
-The New Deal represented a set of extensive legislative programs intended to alleviate human suffering that resulted from the Great Depression. Leuechtenburg thought it was a radical program when he said it was a "half way revolution"