Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS
Nuremburg Trials:
Thirteen trials held accusing leaders of Nazi Germany of crimes against international law from 1945-1949. Accusations included murder, enslavement, looting and atrocities against soldiers and citizens of occupied countries.
Cordell Hull
FDR planned to send secretary of state Cordell Hull to the London Conference. Winston Churchill
believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in Good Neighborism.
Winston Churchill
Churchill was the prime minister of England during World War II and was known as the bull-dog jawed orator who gave his people the nerve to fight off the air bombings occurring in their cities. He was involved in the 8 point Atlantic charter with FDR.
Charles Lindbergh
In 1927, he was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, the Spirit of Saint Louis. He later became an ambassador of goodwill for the United States.
Good Neighbor Policy
In 1927, he was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, the Spirit of Saint Louis. He later became an ambassador of goodwill for the United States.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
(1934) The Act was designed to raise American exports and was aimed at both relief and recovery. Led by Cordell Hull, it helped reverse the high-tariff policy.
Rome-Berlin Axis
In the Rome- Berlin axis was when Germany and italy linked up when Hitler and Mussolini agreed on a policy which was the Rome-Berlin Axis.
Nye Committee
The Nye Committee was set up in 1934 to study the idea that munitions producers only helped start wars and thus earn profits. this was one of the ideas as to the causes of WWII.
Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality Actw was what congress passed when they were determined to not get involved in war. They said that when president declared a foreign war existed, certain restrictions would start.
-Americans could not sail on belligerent ship, haul munitions, or make loans to belligerents.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact
This pact was signed by both Germany and Russia. And in it stated that Stalin and Hitler promised to not fight one another. This was basically believing that Hitler was being foolish and russia got sucked in.
"cash and carry"
The Neutrality Act stated that the US would sell war materials on a "cash-carry" basis. This cash and carry meant no credit and no US ships hauled the stuff.
America First Committee
A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.
Lend-Lease Act
This bill was passed and the US would become the arsenal of democracy. This marked an almost official abandonment of isolation. Everyone realized this from the mainstream America to the infamous Adolf Hitler.
Atlantic Charter
The Atlantic charter was formed at the meeting and was later okayed by the Soviet Union. Which oddly with the US was not even in the war. The charter set up goals for after the war was won. The main points were there would be no territorial changes without the people's vote. Disarmament would be sought. And A new peace-keeping organization like the league of nations would be set up.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
- Because FDR changed his mind and reprimanded Europe for trying to stabilize currencies. Then without America's participation, the London conference accomplished nothing and thus solidifying America's isolationism.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
The Philippines had been a headache ever since the US took over the islands.With times hard, Americans were eager to let the Philippines go. Also, American sugar growers also wanted to cut free from Filipino sugar.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
Yes, America was very serious about the Good neighbor policy that FDR even denounced TR's big stick policy later on in a conference. The next year the marines left Haiti and America lessened their influence in Cuba and Panama as well.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreement
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Yes , it was a good idea because it cut down the most offensive parts of the Hawley-Smoot tariff law merely mending them. And in some instances tariff rates were cut in half (provided that the other nation did the same).
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
The reasons for the American isolationism beacause post war chaos erupted the dangerous and powerful totalitarians such as: Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler. The US did not want to get sucked into the problems oceans away and they had their own problems to deal with too.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
The Neutrality Acts were clearly formed to keep to avoid the same mistakes that had occurred at the outset of WWI and WWII but would have different circumstances. These acts aided the US from even being tempted to join in the war because it gave several restrictions on belligerents and other stuff.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
The spanish civil war was a test to the german weapons and to its war sistem, as well as a way to test on how much countries like France and England would tolerate onGermany rearming itself. (especially since the hopes of the capitalist countries were that Germany would crush te soviets (who were also interfering on the spanish civil war) before turning it's weapons against France or England itself).
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
The Quarantine Speech declared basically that the US were getting scared and this took a step backwards to isolationism. Also, when Germany bombed the American boat Panay.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
America rooted for France and Britain and responded with the cash and carry policy. This meant no credit and no US ships hauled the stuff. This helped the British and French keep the germans away. The US improved her moral standing with the law, but also made some money.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
During World War Two, when France began to fall and ultimately lose their battle, American offered aid by providing food and supply provisions and support since France and America were on good terms.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
The reduced immigration in the late 1930s was due to economic pressures, high unemployment, social frustration & disillusionmentBolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
SIolationists set ip the America First Committee and the interventionists set up the Committee to Defend the allies. Both sides campaigned their position, but FDR had different plans he set up the destroyer deal which had America transfer 50 old destroyers from WWI days to Britain.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
This was a shocking result because FDR shatters the two term tradition. Normally a president can only run 2 terms. But FDR beating out Republican candidate Wilkie who really didn't have strong points to attack FDR.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
The lend-Lease was so controversial because it was the first step to the abandonment of America from isolationism. Everyone realized this, from mainstream America to Hitler himself. Germany mostly had avoided American ships, but then the Germans destroyed American ship "Robin Moor."
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
The response was that America sent 1 billion dollars to Russia to help defend Moscow. Then the result was the Atlantic charter which set up the goals for after the war was won.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
The Lend-Lease bill became law on March 11, 1941. During the next four years, the U.S. sent more than $50 billion worth of war material to the Allies. The reason it brought us into war after taking an isolation stance was that the US had a financial investment and needed the outcome to fall in favor of the US
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
IN my opinion, I think it was gradual but the bombing of Pearl harbor is what ignited the US into war. I mean America id make up certain restrictions and acts to stray completely away from war but in the end they kept on meddling into the problems of all the different countries in war. And I think America just really wanted to help their allies because they know that they need their support.
Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS
A. Philip Randolph
Philip Randolph was a black leader who organized a "Negro March" on Washington to clamor for more blacks in defense jobs and military. FDR responded by banning discrimination in defense industries.
George S. Patton
Blood 'n' Guts"; commanded lunges across France by American armored tank division; commander during WWII
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a Jew. He was also a German-born scientist who encouraged Roosevelt and America to build the first atomic bomb.
Office of Price Administration
FDR created this in order to prevent inflation in the economy during WWII. This was also set up to regulate prices, such as critical items which rationed to keep consumption down, like meat and butter.
Fair Employment Practice Commission
FDR set up this to serve as a watchdog over the discrimination ban. Roosevelt established this initially to give fair employment to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to protect and serve all races, sexes, ages, and ethnicities involving employment.
D-Day
D-day was the first day of the Normandy landings which started the invasion of western Europe and liberated France from the Germans.
V-E Day
Victory in Europe Day. The German government surrendered unconditionally during WWII on May 7, 1945.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan project was secretly developed and built by the world's first atomic bomb. It was tested in Alamogordo. There was also this fear that Germany might invent the first bomb.
Braceros
A Mexican laborer allowed into the United States for a limited time as a seasonal agricultural worker.
Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
Their task was far more complex then WWI because to execute their plan successfully, the US needed time to gear up for war. The task was monumental: to change industry for total war, organize a massive military, ship everything, in 2 directions across the world, and to feed the allies.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
War was something that brought the county together in union. There was no ethnic witch hunts, except for the Japanese-American internment. WWII was not made out to be an idealistic crusade. It was just the dirty work of defeating the bad guys.
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
The war production board took full control of industries. It halted production of non-essential items. While the war labor board set ceilings on wages. Agricultural production was incredible though.
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
It caused them trouble because after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. it was hard for America, it was hard to trust the Japanese. They were unsure if they were spies or actually loyal to America. Thus, they sent them to concentration camps.
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
The Black leader Randolph prepared a "Negro March on Washington" to clamor for more blacks in defense jobs and military. FDR responded by banning discrimination in defense industries. The most famous women were the WAACS (in the Army), the WAVES (Navy), and the SPARS (Coast Guard). Especially the women had a big change because since the men were out fighting war they had to help out in the factories and other several buildings.
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
Randolph was the leader of a black group who organized a "Negro March on washington". FDR also set up the Fair Employment Practices Commission which served as a watchdog over the discrimination ban. Generally, however, the war and the efforts of Blacks encouraged African-Americans to strive for equality. The slogan was the Double V (victory overseas vs. dictators and victory at home vs. racism). Black organizations increased in membership. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) neared the half-million mark and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) was founded.
Holding the Homefront
7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?The GNP (Gross National Product) had doubled and corporate profits doubled too. Disposable income also doubled and inflation would suit and rise as well. Despite all the New deals, it was production which caused the end of the great depression.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
Japan began to take action on its dream of a new empire—the land of the rising sun. The Japanese took island after island, including: Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, and much of coastal China. The Japanese made the Filipino captured soldiers hike the infamous "Bataan Death March"—85 miles where, if you stumbled, you died.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
9. Why was Midway an important battle?
Midway was an important battle because instead of the ones being surprised they were the ones who did the surprising. Midway was a rout for the U.S. as four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk. Midway proved to be the turning point in the Pacific war, the place where Japanese expansion was halted.
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
America began to "island hop" toward Japan. And the plan was to not attack the stronghold, take the weaker islands and build airbases on them. The stronger islands would be taken by bombing and strangling of resources. The "Marianas Turkey Shoot" was an American highlight where American fighters had their way in the air shooting down 250 enemy planes. The Marianas Islands also were close enough so that B-29 bombers could strike Japan and return.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
The German -enigma code- was broken thanks to spies' actions and lives sacrificed to get an enigma machine to decode messages. These messages helped locate German u-boat wolfpacks. The Battle of the Atlantic was the war for control of the ocean and went on until 1943 when the Allies gained control.
German Gen. Erwin Rommel was having great success in North Africa. He was almost to the Suez Canal in Egypt—taking the canal would link the Mediterranean Sea (Italy and Germany) with the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Japan).
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa
Britain wanted to lure the war away from England. Winston Churchill suggested they hit Germany's valuable North Africa through Italy.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
It would be considered the turning point of war because It was the largest amphibious assault in history. The Allies had to cross the channel, wade ashore, cross the wide beach, scale 100 foot bluffs, and overtake German bunkers—while being shot at by machine guns and artillery. The Allies did it.After gaining a toehold at Normandy, the Allies began spreading out. General Patton led U.S. troops across the French countryside. Paris was liberated in August of 1944 which was a major morale boost for the Allies.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
Despite the ongoing war in 1944, an election year came again. The Republican party nominated Thomas E. Dewey was known as a liberal and attacker of corruption. Then other candidate was Truman who did not really have any enemies.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
Roosevelt got a lot of financial help from the CIO's new political action committee (PAC). The PAC was set up to avoid a ban on using union money for politics.
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
The last 6 months of war the Nazi army was on the retreat at this point. Hitler made one last big push at the Ardenne Forest. The Americans were surprised and pushed back; the result was a bulge in the battle line. Along the way, the Allies discovered the horrors of the Holocaust. Then Hitler kills himself along side his wife Eva Braun.
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
On The same month, the small island of Iwo Jima was captured by America in some of the toughest fighting yet. It was strategically located halfway between the Marianas Islands and Japan. Thus, it provided an important airstrip. Okinawa was the next target. It was the last island before the Japanese mainlands. Okinawa was taken on June of 1945 after 50,000 American casualties.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
Rookie Pres. Harry Truman met with Stalin and British officials at the Potsdam Conference on July 1945. The final statement to Japan was surrender or be destroyed. Still belligerent, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and 70,000 died instantly, 180,000 total casualties.
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
One million casualties was the American cost of WWII. But, despite the sacrifices, America came out of the war tougher and stronger-than-ever, whereas other nations came out of the war beaten down. Though slow-starting, America had run the war well. It was a huge undertaking, but had been undertaken in a systematic and effective manner.
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
What would the war be like if the US never made it to Japan with the bombs???
...The US was with the Axis and not the Allies???
Would the war have significantly different results or would it have made much difference??
Nuremburg Trials:
Thirteen trials held accusing leaders of Nazi Germany of crimes against international law from 1945-1949. Accusations included murder, enslavement, looting and atrocities against soldiers and citizens of occupied countries.
Cordell Hull
FDR planned to send secretary of state Cordell Hull to the London Conference. Winston Churchill
believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in Good Neighborism.
Winston Churchill
Churchill was the prime minister of England during World War II and was known as the bull-dog jawed orator who gave his people the nerve to fight off the air bombings occurring in their cities. He was involved in the 8 point Atlantic charter with FDR.
Charles Lindbergh
In 1927, he was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, the Spirit of Saint Louis. He later became an ambassador of goodwill for the United States.
Good Neighbor Policy
In 1927, he was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, the Spirit of Saint Louis. He later became an ambassador of goodwill for the United States.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
(1934) The Act was designed to raise American exports and was aimed at both relief and recovery. Led by Cordell Hull, it helped reverse the high-tariff policy.
Rome-Berlin Axis
In the Rome- Berlin axis was when Germany and italy linked up when Hitler and Mussolini agreed on a policy which was the Rome-Berlin Axis.
Nye Committee
The Nye Committee was set up in 1934 to study the idea that munitions producers only helped start wars and thus earn profits. this was one of the ideas as to the causes of WWII.
Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality Actw was what congress passed when they were determined to not get involved in war. They said that when president declared a foreign war existed, certain restrictions would start.
-Americans could not sail on belligerent ship, haul munitions, or make loans to belligerents.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact
This pact was signed by both Germany and Russia. And in it stated that Stalin and Hitler promised to not fight one another. This was basically believing that Hitler was being foolish and russia got sucked in.
"cash and carry"
The Neutrality Act stated that the US would sell war materials on a "cash-carry" basis. This cash and carry meant no credit and no US ships hauled the stuff.
America First Committee
A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.
Lend-Lease Act
This bill was passed and the US would become the arsenal of democracy. This marked an almost official abandonment of isolation. Everyone realized this from the mainstream America to the infamous Adolf Hitler.
Atlantic Charter
The Atlantic charter was formed at the meeting and was later okayed by the Soviet Union. Which oddly with the US was not even in the war. The charter set up goals for after the war was won. The main points were there would be no territorial changes without the people's vote. Disarmament would be sought. And A new peace-keeping organization like the league of nations would be set up.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
- Because FDR changed his mind and reprimanded Europe for trying to stabilize currencies. Then without America's participation, the London conference accomplished nothing and thus solidifying America's isolationism.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
The Philippines had been a headache ever since the US took over the islands.With times hard, Americans were eager to let the Philippines go. Also, American sugar growers also wanted to cut free from Filipino sugar.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
Yes, America was very serious about the Good neighbor policy that FDR even denounced TR's big stick policy later on in a conference. The next year the marines left Haiti and America lessened their influence in Cuba and Panama as well.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreement
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Yes , it was a good idea because it cut down the most offensive parts of the Hawley-Smoot tariff law merely mending them. And in some instances tariff rates were cut in half (provided that the other nation did the same).
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
The reasons for the American isolationism beacause post war chaos erupted the dangerous and powerful totalitarians such as: Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler. The US did not want to get sucked into the problems oceans away and they had their own problems to deal with too.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
The Neutrality Acts were clearly formed to keep to avoid the same mistakes that had occurred at the outset of WWI and WWII but would have different circumstances. These acts aided the US from even being tempted to join in the war because it gave several restrictions on belligerents and other stuff.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
The spanish civil war was a test to the german weapons and to its war sistem, as well as a way to test on how much countries like France and England would tolerate onGermany rearming itself. (especially since the hopes of the capitalist countries were that Germany would crush te soviets (who were also interfering on the spanish civil war) before turning it's weapons against France or England itself).
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
The Quarantine Speech declared basically that the US were getting scared and this took a step backwards to isolationism. Also, when Germany bombed the American boat Panay.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
America rooted for France and Britain and responded with the cash and carry policy. This meant no credit and no US ships hauled the stuff. This helped the British and French keep the germans away. The US improved her moral standing with the law, but also made some money.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
During World War Two, when France began to fall and ultimately lose their battle, American offered aid by providing food and supply provisions and support since France and America were on good terms.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
The reduced immigration in the late 1930s was due to economic pressures, high unemployment, social frustration & disillusionmentBolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
SIolationists set ip the America First Committee and the interventionists set up the Committee to Defend the allies. Both sides campaigned their position, but FDR had different plans he set up the destroyer deal which had America transfer 50 old destroyers from WWI days to Britain.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
This was a shocking result because FDR shatters the two term tradition. Normally a president can only run 2 terms. But FDR beating out Republican candidate Wilkie who really didn't have strong points to attack FDR.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
The lend-Lease was so controversial because it was the first step to the abandonment of America from isolationism. Everyone realized this, from mainstream America to Hitler himself. Germany mostly had avoided American ships, but then the Germans destroyed American ship "Robin Moor."
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
The response was that America sent 1 billion dollars to Russia to help defend Moscow. Then the result was the Atlantic charter which set up the goals for after the war was won.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
The Lend-Lease bill became law on March 11, 1941. During the next four years, the U.S. sent more than $50 billion worth of war material to the Allies. The reason it brought us into war after taking an isolation stance was that the US had a financial investment and needed the outcome to fall in favor of the US
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
IN my opinion, I think it was gradual but the bombing of Pearl harbor is what ignited the US into war. I mean America id make up certain restrictions and acts to stray completely away from war but in the end they kept on meddling into the problems of all the different countries in war. And I think America just really wanted to help their allies because they know that they need their support.
Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS
A. Philip Randolph
Philip Randolph was a black leader who organized a "Negro March" on Washington to clamor for more blacks in defense jobs and military. FDR responded by banning discrimination in defense industries.
George S. Patton
Blood 'n' Guts"; commanded lunges across France by American armored tank division; commander during WWII
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a Jew. He was also a German-born scientist who encouraged Roosevelt and America to build the first atomic bomb.
Office of Price Administration
FDR created this in order to prevent inflation in the economy during WWII. This was also set up to regulate prices, such as critical items which rationed to keep consumption down, like meat and butter.
Fair Employment Practice Commission
FDR set up this to serve as a watchdog over the discrimination ban. Roosevelt established this initially to give fair employment to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to protect and serve all races, sexes, ages, and ethnicities involving employment.
D-Day
D-day was the first day of the Normandy landings which started the invasion of western Europe and liberated France from the Germans.
V-E Day
Victory in Europe Day. The German government surrendered unconditionally during WWII on May 7, 1945.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan project was secretly developed and built by the world's first atomic bomb. It was tested in Alamogordo. There was also this fear that Germany might invent the first bomb.
Braceros
A Mexican laborer allowed into the United States for a limited time as a seasonal agricultural worker.
Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
Their task was far more complex then WWI because to execute their plan successfully, the US needed time to gear up for war. The task was monumental: to change industry for total war, organize a massive military, ship everything, in 2 directions across the world, and to feed the allies.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
War was something that brought the county together in union. There was no ethnic witch hunts, except for the Japanese-American internment. WWII was not made out to be an idealistic crusade. It was just the dirty work of defeating the bad guys.
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
The war production board took full control of industries. It halted production of non-essential items. While the war labor board set ceilings on wages. Agricultural production was incredible though.
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
It caused them trouble because after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. it was hard for America, it was hard to trust the Japanese. They were unsure if they were spies or actually loyal to America. Thus, they sent them to concentration camps.
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
The Black leader Randolph prepared a "Negro March on Washington" to clamor for more blacks in defense jobs and military. FDR responded by banning discrimination in defense industries. The most famous women were the WAACS (in the Army), the WAVES (Navy), and the SPARS (Coast Guard). Especially the women had a big change because since the men were out fighting war they had to help out in the factories and other several buildings.
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
Randolph was the leader of a black group who organized a "Negro March on washington". FDR also set up the Fair Employment Practices Commission which served as a watchdog over the discrimination ban. Generally, however, the war and the efforts of Blacks encouraged African-Americans to strive for equality. The slogan was the Double V (victory overseas vs. dictators and victory at home vs. racism). Black organizations increased in membership. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) neared the half-million mark and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) was founded.
Holding the Homefront
7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?The GNP (Gross National Product) had doubled and corporate profits doubled too. Disposable income also doubled and inflation would suit and rise as well. Despite all the New deals, it was production which caused the end of the great depression.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
Japan began to take action on its dream of a new empire—the land of the rising sun. The Japanese took island after island, including: Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, and much of coastal China. The Japanese made the Filipino captured soldiers hike the infamous "Bataan Death March"—85 miles where, if you stumbled, you died.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
9. Why was Midway an important battle?
Midway was an important battle because instead of the ones being surprised they were the ones who did the surprising. Midway was a rout for the U.S. as four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk. Midway proved to be the turning point in the Pacific war, the place where Japanese expansion was halted.
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
America began to "island hop" toward Japan. And the plan was to not attack the stronghold, take the weaker islands and build airbases on them. The stronger islands would be taken by bombing and strangling of resources. The "Marianas Turkey Shoot" was an American highlight where American fighters had their way in the air shooting down 250 enemy planes. The Marianas Islands also were close enough so that B-29 bombers could strike Japan and return.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
The German -enigma code- was broken thanks to spies' actions and lives sacrificed to get an enigma machine to decode messages. These messages helped locate German u-boat wolfpacks. The Battle of the Atlantic was the war for control of the ocean and went on until 1943 when the Allies gained control.
German Gen. Erwin Rommel was having great success in North Africa. He was almost to the Suez Canal in Egypt—taking the canal would link the Mediterranean Sea (Italy and Germany) with the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Japan).
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa
Britain wanted to lure the war away from England. Winston Churchill suggested they hit Germany's valuable North Africa through Italy.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
It would be considered the turning point of war because It was the largest amphibious assault in history. The Allies had to cross the channel, wade ashore, cross the wide beach, scale 100 foot bluffs, and overtake German bunkers—while being shot at by machine guns and artillery. The Allies did it.After gaining a toehold at Normandy, the Allies began spreading out. General Patton led U.S. troops across the French countryside. Paris was liberated in August of 1944 which was a major morale boost for the Allies.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
Despite the ongoing war in 1944, an election year came again. The Republican party nominated Thomas E. Dewey was known as a liberal and attacker of corruption. Then other candidate was Truman who did not really have any enemies.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
Roosevelt got a lot of financial help from the CIO's new political action committee (PAC). The PAC was set up to avoid a ban on using union money for politics.
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
The last 6 months of war the Nazi army was on the retreat at this point. Hitler made one last big push at the Ardenne Forest. The Americans were surprised and pushed back; the result was a bulge in the battle line. Along the way, the Allies discovered the horrors of the Holocaust. Then Hitler kills himself along side his wife Eva Braun.
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
On The same month, the small island of Iwo Jima was captured by America in some of the toughest fighting yet. It was strategically located halfway between the Marianas Islands and Japan. Thus, it provided an important airstrip. Okinawa was the next target. It was the last island before the Japanese mainlands. Okinawa was taken on June of 1945 after 50,000 American casualties.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
Rookie Pres. Harry Truman met with Stalin and British officials at the Potsdam Conference on July 1945. The final statement to Japan was surrender or be destroyed. Still belligerent, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and 70,000 died instantly, 180,000 total casualties.
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
One million casualties was the American cost of WWII. But, despite the sacrifices, America came out of the war tougher and stronger-than-ever, whereas other nations came out of the war beaten down. Though slow-starting, America had run the war well. It was a huge undertaking, but had been undertaken in a systematic and effective manner.
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
What would the war be like if the US never made it to Japan with the bombs???
...The US was with the Axis and not the Allies???
Would the war have significantly different results or would it have made much difference??